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3KW分布式家用光伏方案设计及投资回报分析
光伏发电特指采用光伏组件，将太阳能直接转换为电能的发电系统。它是一种新型的、具有广阔发展前景的发电和能源综合利用方式，它倡导就近发电，就近并网，就近转换的原则，不仅能够有效提高同等规模光伏电站的发电量，同时还有效解决了电力在升压及长途运输中的损耗问题。
Photovoltaic power refers to the use of photovoltaic components, the direct conversion of solar energy into a power generation system. It is a new and promising power generation and energy comprehensive utilization. It advocates the nearest power grid, nearby, the nearest conversion principle, not only can effectively improve the power output of photovoltaic power plants of similar size, but also effectively solves the problem of power loss in the boost and long-distance transport in.
分布式光伏发电具有以下特点
Distributed photovoltaic power generation has the following characteristics
1、是输出功率相对较小。一般而言，一个分布式光伏发电项目的容量在数千瓦以内。与集中式电站不同，光伏电站的大小对发电效率的影响很小，因此对其经济性的影响也很小，小型光伏系统的投资收益率并不会比大型的低。
1, the output power is relatively small. In general, the capacity of a distributed photovoltaic power generation project is within a number of kilowatts. Unlike centralized power plants, the size of PV power has little impact on the power generation efficiency, so its impact on its economy is also very small, and the investment return rate of small PV systems is not larger than that of large ones.
2、污染小，环保效益突出。分布式光伏发电项目在发电过程中，没有噪声，也不会对空气和水产生污染。
2, the pollution is small, and the environmental benefits are outstanding. In the process of generating electricity, the distributed photovoltaic power generation project has no noise and will not pollute the air and water.
3、能够在一定程度上缓解局地的用电紧张状况。但是，分布式光伏发电的能量密度相对较低，每平方米分布式光伏发电系统的功率仅约100瓦，再加上适合安装光伏组件的建筑屋顶面积有限，不能从根本上解决用电紧张问题。
3, to a certain extent, to alleviate the local electric tension. However, the energy density of distributed photovoltaic power generation is relatively low. The power of distributed photovoltaic generation system is only about 100 watts per square meter, plus the limited roof area suitable for Installing Photovoltaic modules, which can not fundamentally solve the problem of electricity shortage.
4、可以发电用电并存。大型地面电站发电是升压接入输电网，仅作为发电电站而运行；而分布式光伏发电是接入配电网，发电用电并存，且要求尽可能地就地消纳。
4. The power generation and electricity can coexist. A large ground power station is a step-up access transmission network, and run only as a power station; distributed photovoltaic power generation is connected to distribution network, generating electricity coexist, as far as possible and require local consumption.
设计原则
Design principles
1、合理性
1, rationality
由于分布式光伏发电系统也是属于光伏电站的一种，所以其设计、施工均需满足国标《GB50797-2012光伏发电站设计规范》的要求，将根据其对项目站址选址、太阳能发电系统、电气部分、接入系统进行合理性设计。
As a distributed photovoltaic power generation system also belongs to the photovoltaic power plant, so its design and construction are required to meet the national standard "GB50797-2012 photovoltaic power plant design specifications" requirement, according to the location of the project and the rationality of the design of a solar power system, the electrical part of the site, access system.
2、安全性
2. Safety
设计的光伏系统需安全可靠，防止意外情况造成的人身意外伤害与公共财产的损失。光伏系统的安装施工纳入建筑设备安装施工组织设计，并制定相应的安装施工方案和特许安全措施；
The designed photovoltaic system should be safe and reliable to prevent accidental injury and loss of public property caused by accidents. The installation and construction of the photovoltaic system will be included in the organization and design of the installation and construction of the building equipment, and the corresponding installation and safety measures are set up.
3、美观性
3, beauty
对光伏方阵与地面上的土建房屋等进行统一设计，美观大方，实现整体协调。
For the unified design of the PV array and the ground building on the ground, it is beautiful and generous to achieve the overall coordination.
4、高效性
4, high efficiency
优化设计方案，尽可能的提高光伏系统的整体发电效率，减少不必要是能耗损失。达到充分利用太阳能、提供最大发电量的目的。
Optimize the design scheme to improve the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic system as far as possible, and reduce the unnecessary loss of energy consumption. The purpose of making full use of solar energy and providing the maximum power generation capacity is achieved.
5、经济性
5, economy
作为光伏项目，在满足光伏系统外观效果和各项性能指标的前提下，最大限度的优化设计方案，合理选用各种材料，把不必要的浪费消除在设计阶段，降低工程造价，为业主节约投资。
As a photovoltaic project, under the premise of meeting the PV system appearance effect and various performance indicators, we should optimize the design plan to the maximum extent, rationally select various materials, eliminate unnecessary waste in the design stage, reduce the project cost and save investment for the owners.
系统设计
system design
本方案屋顶有效面积约30m2，采用260Wp光伏组件12块组成，共计建设3.12KWp屋顶分布式光伏发电系统。系统采用1台3KW光伏逆变器将直流电逆变为220V交流电，接入220V线路送入户业主原有室内进户配电箱，再经由220V线路与业主室内低压配电网进行连接，即可送电进入市电网。
The effective area of the project roof is about 30m2, which is composed of 12 260Wp PV modules, and a total of 3.12KWp roof distributed photovoltaic power generation system is built up. The system uses 1 3KW photovoltaic inverters to transform DC power into 220V alternating current. The 220V line is sent to the original indoor indoor distribution box of the family owner, and then connected to the indoor low voltage distribution network through 220V line, then the power supply can enter the city power grid.
项目所处地理位置
The location of the project
本项目所在地红安县位于湖北省东北部大别山南麓，东邻黄冈麻城，西接孝感大悟，南临武汉黄陂，北接河南信阳，县城距省会武汉80公里。地跨东经114°23′—114°49′，北纬30°56′—31°35′之间。全县国土总面积为1796平方公里，辖12个乡镇场，396个行政村，人口66.36万人，其中农村人口52.9万人，城镇人口13.46万。
This project is located in Hong'an County, Hubei province is located in the northeast of Dabie Mountains in the south, Huanggang to the east of Macheng, west of Xiaogan Dawu, Huangpi south of Wuhan, north of Henan Xinyang County, 80 kilometers from the provincial capital of Wuhan. The ground span is 114 degree 23 '- 114 degree 49', 30 degree 56 '- 31 degree 35' in the north latitude. The total land area of the county is 1796 square kilometers, including 12 Township farms, 396 administrative villages, 663 thousand and 600 people, including 529 thousand rural population and 134 thousand and 600 urban population.
红安县地势北高南低，海拔高度一般为200米。县东北部为山区，坡度15°—40°，最高点为县北的老君山，海拔840.5米。县境最低处是南部的太平桥镇与新洲县交界的倒水河畔杜家湾，海拔仅30米。
The north of Hong'an county is high and low in the north, and the altitude is generally 200 meters. The northeast of the county is a mountain area with a slope of 15 to 40 degrees, and the highest point is the Laojun Mountain in the north of the county, with an elevation of 840.5 meters. The county is the lowest at the junction of the South Bay Du Taiping Town and Xinzhou County Water River, only 30 meters above sea level.
红安县南部多丘陵，坡度5°—20°。全县河谷平原少，为半山半丘陵地区。属亚热带季风气候，年平均气温为15.7℃，最高气温为41.5℃，最低气温为-14.5℃。全县无霜期平均为236.4天；全县年平降水量为1116.2毫米，夏季降雨量占年总雨量的一半，年平降雪日为8.3天，年平相对湿度77%，年平均风力3级。年均总日照为1998.8小时，占可照时数45%，属于太阳能资源三类可利用地区。
The southern part of Hong'an county is hilly and the slope is 5 to 20 degrees. There are few Valley plains in the whole county, which are half hills and half hilly areas. It is a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 15.7 centigrade, the highest temperature of 41.5 C, and the lowest temperature of -14.5 C. The average frost free period of 236.4 days; the annual mean precipitation is 1116.2 mm, accounting for half of total annual rainfall of summer rainfall, annual snowfall flat for 8.3 days, annual mean relative humidity is 77%, the average annual wind 3. The annual total sunshine is 1998.8 hours, accounting for 45% of the sunshine time, which belongs to the three types of available areas for solar energy resources.
项目地气象数据（美国NASA气象局提供）
Project ground weather data (provided by the NASA Meteorological Bureau of the United States)
光伏系统设计
Design of photovoltaic system
光伏组件选型
Selection of photovoltaic modules
本项目选用260P-60多晶硅太阳电池组件产品，额定功率260Wp。其主要性能参数如下表所示：
This project selects 260P-60 polysilicon solar cell components, with a rated power of 260Wp. The main performance parameters are shown in the following table:
表1.选用的光伏组件产品参数
Table 1. PV module parameters selected
电池类型
Battery type
多晶硅太阳电池组件
Polysilicon solar cell assembly
组件最大功率（Wp）
Maximum power of component (Wp)
260
Two hundred and sixty
组件工作电压（V）
Component operating voltage (V)
31.2
Thirty-one point two
组件工作电流（A）
Component working current (A)
8.36
Eight point three six
组件开路电压（V）
Component open circuit voltage (V)
38
Thirty-eight
组件短路电流（A）
Component short circuit current (A)
8.95
Eight point nine five
最大功率温度系数Tk（Pm）
Maximum power temperature coefficient Tk (Pm)
﹣0.45%/K
﹣0.45%/K
开路电压温度系数Tk（Voc）
Open circuit voltage temperature coefficient Tk (Voc)
﹣0.35%/K
0.35%/K
短路电流温度系数Tk（Isc）
Temperature coefficient Tk (Isc) of short circuit current
﹢0.060%/K
0.060%/K
组件尺寸大小（mm）
Component size (mm)
1640×992×35
1640 x 992 x 35
组件效率（含边框）
Component efficiency (including a border)
15.98%
15.98%
重量（Kg）
Weight (Kg)
18
Eighteen
光伏并网逆变器选型
Selection of photovoltaic grid connected inverter
根据本项目业主为居民分布式，电网入户电压为AC220V,故选用单相光伏逆变器。其主要性能参
In this project, the owner of the project is distributed to the residents, and the voltage of the power grid is AC220V, so the single-phase photovoltaic inverter is selected. Its main performance reference
Photovoltaic power refers to the use of photovoltaic components, the direct conversion of solar energy into a power generation system. It is a new and promising power generation and energy comprehensive utilization. It advocates the nearest power grid, nearby, the nearest conversion principle, not only can effectively improve the power output of photovoltaic power plants of similar size, but also effectively solves the problem of power loss in the boost and long-distance transport in.
分布式光伏发电具有以下特点
Distributed photovoltaic power generation has the following characteristics
1、是输出功率相对较小。一般而言，一个分布式光伏发电项目的容量在数千瓦以内。与集中式电站不同，光伏电站的大小对发电效率的影响很小，因此对其经济性的影响也很小，小型光伏系统的投资收益率并不会比大型的低。
1, the output power is relatively small. In general, the capacity of a distributed photovoltaic power generation project is within a number of kilowatts. Unlike centralized power plants, the size of PV power has little impact on the power generation efficiency, so its impact on its economy is also very small, and the investment return rate of small PV systems is not larger than that of large ones.
2、污染小，环保效益突出。分布式光伏发电项目在发电过程中，没有噪声，也不会对空气和水产生污染。
2, the pollution is small, and the environmental benefits are outstanding. In the process of generating electricity, the distributed photovoltaic power generation project has no noise and will not pollute the air and water.
3、能够在一定程度上缓解局地的用电紧张状况。但是，分布式光伏发电的能量密度相对较低，每平方米分布式光伏发电系统的功率仅约100瓦，再加上适合安装光伏组件的建筑屋顶面积有限，不能从根本上解决用电紧张问题。
3, to a certain extent, to alleviate the local electric tension. However, the energy density of distributed photovoltaic power generation is relatively low. The power of distributed photovoltaic generation system is only about 100 watts per square meter, plus the limited roof area suitable for Installing Photovoltaic modules, which can not fundamentally solve the problem of electricity shortage.
4、可以发电用电并存。大型地面电站发电是升压接入输电网，仅作为发电电站而运行；而分布式光伏发电是接入配电网，发电用电并存，且要求尽可能地就地消纳。
4. The power generation and electricity can coexist. A large ground power station is a step-up access transmission network, and run only as a power station; distributed photovoltaic power generation is connected to distribution network, generating electricity coexist, as far as possible and require local consumption.
设计原则
Design principles
1、合理性
1, rationality
由于分布式光伏发电系统也是属于光伏电站的一种，所以其设计、施工均需满足国标《GB50797-2012光伏发电站设计规范》的要求，将根据其对项目站址选址、太阳能发电系统、电气部分、接入系统进行合理性设计。
As a distributed photovoltaic power generation system also belongs to the photovoltaic power plant, so its design and construction are required to meet the national standard "GB50797-2012 photovoltaic power plant design specifications" requirement, according to the location of the project and the rationality of the design of a solar power system, the electrical part of the site, access system.
2、安全性
2. Safety
设计的光伏系统需安全可靠，防止意外情况造成的人身意外伤害与公共财产的损失。光伏系统的安装施工纳入建筑设备安装施工组织设计，并制定相应的安装施工方案和特许安全措施；
The designed photovoltaic system should be safe and reliable to prevent accidental injury and loss of public property caused by accidents. The installation and construction of the photovoltaic system will be included in the organization and design of the installation and construction of the building equipment, and the corresponding installation and safety measures are set up.
3、美观性
3, beauty
对光伏方阵与地面上的土建房屋等进行统一设计，美观大方，实现整体协调。
For the unified design of the PV array and the ground building on the ground, it is beautiful and generous to achieve the overall coordination.
4、高效性
4, high efficiency
优化设计方案，尽可能的提高光伏系统的整体发电效率，减少不必要是能耗损失。达到充分利用太阳能、提供最大发电量的目的。
Optimize the design scheme to improve the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic system as far as possible, and reduce the unnecessary loss of energy consumption. The purpose of making full use of solar energy and providing the maximum power generation capacity is achieved.
5、经济性
5, economy
作为光伏项目，在满足光伏系统外观效果和各项性能指标的前提下，最大限度的优化设计方案，合理选用各种材料，把不必要的浪费消除在设计阶段，降低工程造价，为业主节约投资。
As a photovoltaic project, under the premise of meeting the PV system appearance effect and various performance indicators, we should optimize the design plan to the maximum extent, rationally select various materials, eliminate unnecessary waste in the design stage, reduce the project cost and save investment for the owners.
系统设计
system design
本方案屋顶有效面积约30m2，采用260Wp光伏组件12块组成，共计建设3.12KWp屋顶分布式光伏发电系统。系统采用1台3KW光伏逆变器将直流电逆变为220V交流电，接入220V线路送入户业主原有室内进户配电箱，再经由220V线路与业主室内低压配电网进行连接，即可送电进入市电网。
The effective area of the project roof is about 30m2, which is composed of 12 260Wp PV modules, and a total of 3.12KWp roof distributed photovoltaic power generation system is built up. The system uses 1 3KW photovoltaic inverters to transform DC power into 220V alternating current. The 220V line is sent to the original indoor indoor distribution box of the family owner, and then connected to the indoor low voltage distribution network through 220V line, then the power supply can enter the city power grid.
项目所处地理位置
The location of the project
本项目所在地红安县位于湖北省东北部大别山南麓，东邻黄冈麻城，西接孝感大悟，南临武汉黄陂，北接河南信阳，县城距省会武汉80公里。地跨东经114°23′—114°49′，北纬30°56′—31°35′之间。全县国土总面积为1796平方公里，辖12个乡镇场，396个行政村，人口66.36万人，其中农村人口52.9万人，城镇人口13.46万。
This project is located in Hong'an County, Hubei province is located in the northeast of Dabie Mountains in the south, Huanggang to the east of Macheng, west of Xiaogan Dawu, Huangpi south of Wuhan, north of Henan Xinyang County, 80 kilometers from the provincial capital of Wuhan. The ground span is 114 degree 23 '- 114 degree 49', 30 degree 56 '- 31 degree 35' in the north latitude. The total land area of the county is 1796 square kilometers, including 12 Township farms, 396 administrative villages, 663 thousand and 600 people, including 529 thousand rural population and 134 thousand and 600 urban population.
红安县地势北高南低，海拔高度一般为200米。县东北部为山区，坡度15°—40°，最高点为县北的老君山，海拔840.5米。县境最低处是南部的太平桥镇与新洲县交界的倒水河畔杜家湾，海拔仅30米。
The north of Hong'an county is high and low in the north, and the altitude is generally 200 meters. The northeast of the county is a mountain area with a slope of 15 to 40 degrees, and the highest point is the Laojun Mountain in the north of the county, with an elevation of 840.5 meters. The county is the lowest at the junction of the South Bay Du Taiping Town and Xinzhou County Water River, only 30 meters above sea level.
红安县南部多丘陵，坡度5°—20°。全县河谷平原少，为半山半丘陵地区。属亚热带季风气候，年平均气温为15.7℃，最高气温为41.5℃，最低气温为-14.5℃。全县无霜期平均为236.4天；全县年平降水量为1116.2毫米，夏季降雨量占年总雨量的一半，年平降雪日为8.3天，年平相对湿度77%，年平均风力3级。年均总日照为1998.8小时，占可照时数45%，属于太阳能资源三类可利用地区。
The southern part of Hong'an county is hilly and the slope is 5 to 20 degrees. There are few Valley plains in the whole county, which are half hills and half hilly areas. It is a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 15.7 centigrade, the highest temperature of 41.5 C, and the lowest temperature of -14.5 C. The average frost free period of 236.4 days; the annual mean precipitation is 1116.2 mm, accounting for half of total annual rainfall of summer rainfall, annual snowfall flat for 8.3 days, annual mean relative humidity is 77%, the average annual wind 3. The annual total sunshine is 1998.8 hours, accounting for 45% of the sunshine time, which belongs to the three types of available areas for solar energy resources.
项目地气象数据（美国NASA气象局提供）
Project ground weather data (provided by the NASA Meteorological Bureau of the United States)
光伏系统设计
Design of photovoltaic system
光伏组件选型
Selection of photovoltaic modules
本项目选用260P-60多晶硅太阳电池组件产品，额定功率260Wp。其主要性能参数如下表所示：
This project selects 260P-60 polysilicon solar cell components, with a rated power of 260Wp. The main performance parameters are shown in the following table:
表1.选用的光伏组件产品参数
Table 1. PV module parameters selected
电池类型
Battery type
多晶硅太阳电池组件
Polysilicon solar cell assembly
组件最大功率（Wp）
Maximum power of component (Wp)
260
Two hundred and sixty
组件工作电压（V）
Component operating voltage (V)
31.2
Thirty-one point two
组件工作电流（A）
Component working current (A)
8.36
Eight point three six
组件开路电压（V）
Component open circuit voltage (V)
38
Thirty-eight
组件短路电流（A）
Component short circuit current (A)
8.95
Eight point nine five
最大功率温度系数Tk（Pm）
Maximum power temperature coefficient Tk (Pm)
﹣0.45%/K
﹣0.45%/K
开路电压温度系数Tk（Voc）
Open circuit voltage temperature coefficient Tk (Voc)
﹣0.35%/K
0.35%/K
短路电流温度系数Tk（Isc）
Temperature coefficient Tk (Isc) of short circuit current
﹢0.060%/K
0.060%/K
组件尺寸大小（mm）
Component size (mm)
1640×992×35
1640 x 992 x 35
组件效率（含边框）
Component efficiency (including a border)
15.98%
15.98%
重量（Kg）
Weight (Kg)
18
Eighteen
光伏并网逆变器选型
Selection of photovoltaic grid connected inverter
根据本项目业主为居民分布式，电网入户电压为AC220V,故选用单相光伏逆变器。其主要性能参
In this project, the owner of the project is distributed to the residents, and the voltage of the power grid is AC220V, so the single-phase photovoltaic inverter is selected. Its main performance reference
